WECLIFS is supported by Ouranos, Gouvernement du Québec, L'Institut nordique du Québec and regional organizations of Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik
RESEARCH & COLLABORATIVE APPROACH
1. Local Indigenous food systems are the culture of harvesting, consuming, and conserving local biodiversity for health and wellness. Research on local Indigenous food systems needs to move beyond the disciplinary assumption that the natural world, the social world, and the health of people can be studied as separate things.
LOCAL INDIGENOUS FOOD SYSTEMS
4. Local Indigenous food systems are a value chain defined by a sequence of primary activities, enabled by supporting conditions, that generate value. In fact, they are a value network characterized by diverse activities, conditions, inter-dependencies and values contributed and created by people and the land.
5. Availability, accessibility, adequacy, and use are stacked foundations of local food security. Availability forms a broad base that is a pre-condition for the other three. Use is positioned at the top, as an essential nature-people connection and a pre-requisite for the other three layers to contribute food value.
6. Store-bought food contributes to nutrition and food security in northern and Arctic communities, but over consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor, processed foods also contributes to high rates of obesity and diabetes. The high cost of store-bought food, combined with low incomes and limited access to wage economies, is a widely identified barrier to food security in northern regions.
7. Local food remains a key contributor to community wealth and well-being, because local foods offer high nutritional and cultural value and because the affordability of store-bought groceries is low. Despite local Indigenous food systems being fundamental to the daily lives and livelihoods of northern Indigenous Peoples they are often marginalized and sometimes compromised by economic, food policy, and climate change adaptation initiatives.
LOCAL FOOD IN NORTHERN QUEBEC
8. The contemporary status of local Indigenous food systems in northern Quebec reflects 300 years of impact and opportunity created by other forms of natural resource use and development. Northern Quebec has experienced accelerating and inter-related social, economic, and environmental change during the last 50 years in particular.
10. Harvest surveys from the mid-1970’s and consumption surveys from the mid-2000’s indicate the continued importance of a wide diversity of fish, birds, mammals, and plants in the local food systems of Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik. Moose and geese remain key foods in Eeyou Istchee. Char and caribou remain key foods in Nunavik. There is evidence of a pronounced decline in per capita local food use over that 30 year period in both regions, but the two survey methods are very different so the comparison is indirect. Beaver in Eeyou Istchee and seals in Nunavik seem to be used less now than in the past.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM
13. In northern Quebec, climate change is likely to increase biodiversity and ecological production. Warmer and less cold-severe climates may create conditions in which the food species most highly valued now and in the past become more vulnerable to competition, predation and disease from upwardly mobile species that thrive more under warmer conditions. Thus, despite the likelihood of increased diversity and production, and in many ways because of it, there will also be climate-induced extinctions and population declines in northern Quebec.
14. Climate is projected to change the most in northern Quebec (i.e., high exposure) where ecological conditions and biodiversity are most strongly affected by prevailing climate (i.e., high sensitivity). When exposure and sensitivity align like this, system responses to climate change will be very large, whereas they may be less obvious and more indirect in more southerly regions where exposure will be slightly lower, sensitivity will be moderately lower, and cumulative impacts will be substantially greater.
15. Climate change projections suggest that by the middle of this century, Salluit becomes more like Kujjuarapik, Kujjuarapik and Whapmagoostui more like Waskaganish, Waskaganish more like Waswanipi, and Waswanipi more like Val-d’Or.
16. Available evidence is inconsistent with the expectation that community harvest practices and food use will simply change as local climate and ecological conditions change. Culture and language define wildlife harvest (including what, when, and how species are harvested) and food consumption (including how food is preserved, prepared, and eaten). The tensions and stresses created by environmental change can be envisioned as a pulling apart of people, environment, and place.
18. Possible local food system adaptations to climate change include maintaining local food foundations; agricultural innovations; supporting harvesters; redefining food sharing networks; land, food, and language-based learning; adapting harvest calendars and weather responses; harvesting more small-bodied species; managing invasive species; and supporting wellness.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
19. Local food systems have been fundamentally transformed by colonialism; the policy landscape that has emerged around contemporary local food systems reflects how aboriginal rights, title, and agreements have come to intersect with natural resource economies and with regional, provincial, and federal policy related to land, economic development, natural resources, wildlife conservation, justice, education, health, and the environment. Local food connects and depends on all these things, but the contemporary policy landscape silos these entities into separate mandates and jurisdictions.
20. Climate change impacts and adaptations are embedded within multiple jurisdictions and multiple stressors. Climate projections and climate envelope models provide general predictions about what the future could look like, yet species-specific and community-based research repeatedly identify the importance of indirect interactions, lagged effects, and social-ecological complexity. Community-based climate change research needs to find the right balance between emphasizing generality without ignoring complexity, communicating the strength of the evidence but also the uncertainty, advocating for immediate action while also championing the need for better information, and supporting the veracity of expert opinion while also embracing humility.
RECHERCHE ET APPROCHE COLLABORATIVE
SYSTÈMES ALIMENTAIRES AUTOCHTONES LOCAUX
6. Les aliments achetés en magasin contribuent à la nutrition et à la sécurité alimentaire des communautés du Nord et de l'Arctique, mais la surconsommation d'aliments transformés, denses en énergie et pauvres en nutriments contribue également aux taux élevés d'obésité et de diabète. Le coût élevé des aliments achetés en magasin, combiné aux faibles revenus et à l'accès limité aux économies basées sur les salaires, est un obstacle largement identifié à la sécurité alimentaire dans les régions du Nord.
7. Dans la plupart des communautés nordiques, où les produits d'épicerie sont peu abordables, l'alimentation locale est un élément clé de la richesse et du bien-être, car les aliments locaux offrent une grande valeur nutritionnelle et culturelle et les produits d'épicerie achetés en magasin sont peu abordables. Bien que les systèmes alimentaires autochtones locaux soient essentiels à la vie quotidienne et aux moyens de subsistance des peuples autochtones du Nord, ils sont souvent marginalisés et parfois compromis par les initiatives économiques, de politique alimentaire et d'adaptation aux changements climatiques.
CONTEXTE DANS LE NORD DU QUÉBEC
8. La situation actuelle des systèmes alimentaires autochtones locaux dans le nord du Québec reflète 300 ans d'impact et d'opportunités créés par d'autres formes d'utilisation et de développement des ressources naturelles. Le Nord du Québéc a connu des changements sociaux, économiques et environnementaux accélérés et interdépendants, en particulier au cours des 50 dernières années.
CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES
14. Le climat devrait changer le plus dans le nord du Québec (exposition élevée) où les conditions écologiques et la biodiversité sont le plus fortement affectées par le climat dominant (sensibilité élevée). Lorsque l'exposition et la sensibilité s'alignent ainsi, les réponses du système au changement climatique seront très importantes, alors qu'elles peuvent être moins évidentes et plus indirectes dans les régions plus méridionales où l'exposition sera légèrement inférieure, la sensibilité modérément moindre et les impacts cumulatifs nettement plus importants.
15. Les projections en matière de changements climatiques suggèrent que d'ici le milieu du siècle, Salluit ressemblera davantage à Kujjuarapik, Kujjuarapik et Whapmagoostui à Waskaganish, Waskaganish à Waswanipi, et Waswanipi à Val d'Or.
POLITIQUE
19. Le colonialisme a compromis et transformé les systèmes alimentaires locaux de nombreuses façons et pendant de nombreuses années. Le paysage politique contemporain qui a émergé autour des systèmes alimentaires locaux reflète la façon dont les droits, les titres et les accords autochtones s'entrecroisent maintenant avec les économies de ressources naturelles et avec les politiques régionales, provinciales et fédérales liées aux terres, au développement économique, aux ressources naturelles, à la conservation de la faune, à la justice, à l'éducation, à la santé et à l'environnement. L'alimentation locale relie la biodiversité, la culture, l'environnement et la santé, alors que le paysage administratif et de gouvernance actuel cloisonne ces entités dans des mandats et des juridictions distincts.